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Carol B
HISTORIC LYDFORD CASTLE & SAXON TOWN
Lydford Castle & Saxon Town的点评
点评：Thursday 16th May 2024, My husband and I drove to Lydford to go to visit Lydford Castle under the care of the English Heritage. In the 9th century Lydford, or Llidan, is documented as one of four important towns or burhs in Devon, its streets laid out in a grid pattern which is still evident in the village today, where modern hedges and footpaths cross these earlier streets.
Lydford by the 10th century had its own mint. Its prosperity was founded on profits from the tin trade – and historic records show the facts that it paid as much in taxes to the king as Totnes or Barnstaple. It also occupied a position of great natural strength, a triangular promontory protected on two sides by deep river valleys.
Lydford’s third side was defended by an earthen rampart, the remains of which can be seen as you enter the village from the north-east on either side of the road, near the village hall. These strong defences may have been the reason that an attack by the Vikings in 997 was repelled.
Soon after the siege and capture of Exeter by William the Conqueror in 1068, a small defensive earthwork was built on the extreme south-west tip of the promontory at Lydford, thereafter known as Lydford Castle. Excavations of the site have revealed the remains of five wooden buildings protected behind a crescent-shaped earth and timber rampart with a deep ditch.
This early castle was abandoned fairly quickly. Meantime, Lydford had become the administrative centre of the forest of Dartmoor, a royal jurisdiction with important and lucrative rights.
In 1194 King John authorised the building of a new tower east of the church, to house offenders against both the forest and stannary laws. Such was the importance of the tin industry in Devon and Cornwall that a special legal and taxation system had evolved to govern it, and the stannaries, or tin districts of Devon, were administered from Lydford. In 1239 Henry III granted Lydford to his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, as part of a princely endowment.
On the death of Earl Richard’s son, Edmund, in 1300 the estate reverted to the Crown and since 1337 Dartmoor and Lydford Castle have formed part of the possessions of the Duchy of Cornwall.
Lydford Castle was also used as a prison. Offenders against the stannary laws continued to be incarcerated at the castle throughout the Middle Ages and this continued until the 18th century.
By 1650 Lydford Castle was ‘very much in decay’, with floors fallen in and only the roof intact. Repairs were carried out in 1716 and 1733, but by the early 19th century the place was a near ruin, until it came under the care of The English Heritage.
Lydford Castle or King John’s castle or gaol consists of a single tower two storeys high and about 50 feet square. Its walls are more than 10 feet thick and it has deeply splayed, round-headed windows.
During the late 13th century, when the castle was gaining importance as a stannary gaol, the tower was drastically rebuilt. The upper storey was demolished and the ground floor used as the foundation for a much taller building. Earth was piled around its walls, so that the tower appears to have been built on a motte or mound.
A large earthwork enclosure or bailey was formed to the north-west of the tower. Apart from a small pit in one corner, all the interior of the original ground floor was filled in, so blocking the original windows. The break between the 12th- and 13th-century work is easy to see, as the walls of the basement are much thicker than those above. Rows of joist holes indicate floor levels, and corbels near the top of the walls show where the roof timbers rested.
Entry to the tower was by a large doorway facing the bailey, from which a narrow flight of steps within the thickness of the wall led up to a large hall. In the entrance to the hall is a hole for a drawbar to secure the door; by the side of the same opening is a latrine with the ledge for its seat still in position.
There may also have been apartments for the keeper or gaoler on this upper floor, with prison cells below – the pit in the basement being reserved for the most loathsome of prisoners. My husband and I found this place very interesting and we took lots of photographs of the castle and church.
Lydford by the 10th century had its own mint. Its prosperity was founded on profits from the tin trade – and historic records show the facts that it paid as much in taxes to the king as Totnes or Barnstaple. It also occupied a position of great natural strength, a triangular promontory protected on two sides by deep river valleys.
Lydford’s third side was defended by an earthen rampart, the remains of which can be seen as you enter the village from the north-east on either side of the road, near the village hall. These strong defences may have been the reason that an attack by the Vikings in 997 was repelled.
Soon after the siege and capture of Exeter by William the Conqueror in 1068, a small defensive earthwork was built on the extreme south-west tip of the promontory at Lydford, thereafter known as Lydford Castle. Excavations of the site have revealed the remains of five wooden buildings protected behind a crescent-shaped earth and timber rampart with a deep ditch.
This early castle was abandoned fairly quickly. Meantime, Lydford had become the administrative centre of the forest of Dartmoor, a royal jurisdiction with important and lucrative rights.
In 1194 King John authorised the building of a new tower east of the church, to house offenders against both the forest and stannary laws. Such was the importance of the tin industry in Devon and Cornwall that a special legal and taxation system had evolved to govern it, and the stannaries, or tin districts of Devon, were administered from Lydford. In 1239 Henry III granted Lydford to his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, as part of a princely endowment.
On the death of Earl Richard’s son, Edmund, in 1300 the estate reverted to the Crown and since 1337 Dartmoor and Lydford Castle have formed part of the possessions of the Duchy of Cornwall.
Lydford Castle was also used as a prison. Offenders against the stannary laws continued to be incarcerated at the castle throughout the Middle Ages and this continued until the 18th century.
By 1650 Lydford Castle was ‘very much in decay’, with floors fallen in and only the roof intact. Repairs were carried out in 1716 and 1733, but by the early 19th century the place was a near ruin, until it came under the care of The English Heritage.
Lydford Castle or King John’s castle or gaol consists of a single tower two storeys high and about 50 feet square. Its walls are more than 10 feet thick and it has deeply splayed, round-headed windows.
During the late 13th century, when the castle was gaining importance as a stannary gaol, the tower was drastically rebuilt. The upper storey was demolished and the ground floor used as the foundation for a much taller building. Earth was piled around its walls, so that the tower appears to have been built on a motte or mound.
A large earthwork enclosure or bailey was formed to the north-west of the tower. Apart from a small pit in one corner, all the interior of the original ground floor was filled in, so blocking the original windows. The break between the 12th- and 13th-century work is easy to see, as the walls of the basement are much thicker than those above. Rows of joist holes indicate floor levels, and corbels near the top of the walls show where the roof timbers rested.
Entry to the tower was by a large doorway facing the bailey, from which a narrow flight of steps within the thickness of the wall led up to a large hall. In the entrance to the hall is a hole for a drawbar to secure the door; by the side of the same opening is a latrine with the ledge for its seat still in position.
There may also have been apartments for the keeper or gaoler on this upper floor, with prison cells below – the pit in the basement being reserved for the most loathsome of prisoners. My husband and I found this place very interesting and we took lots of photographs of the castle and church.
翻译：2024 年 5 月 16 日星期四，我和丈夫驱车前往利德福德，参观由英国遗产保护局管理的利德福德城堡。据记载，在 9 世纪，利德福德或 Llidan 是德文郡四个重要城镇或城堡之一，其街道呈网格状布局，这种布局在今天的村庄中仍然很明显，现代的树篱和人行道穿过这些早期的街道。
到 10 世纪，利德福德有了自己的铸币厂。它的繁荣建立在锡贸易的利润之上——历史记录显示，它向国王缴纳的税款与托特尼斯或巴恩斯特珀尔一样多。它还占据着一个自然力量强大的位置，一个三角形的海角，两边都有深河谷保护。
利德福德的第三面由土制城墙保护，当您从东北进入村庄时，可以在道路两侧的村庄大厅附近看到城墙的遗迹。这些坚固的防御可能是公元 997 年击退维京人进攻的原因。
1068 年，征服者威廉围攻并占领埃克塞特后不久，在利德福德海角的最西南端修建了一座小型防御工事，此后被称为利德福德城堡。对该遗址的挖掘发现了五座木制建筑的遗迹，它们被新月形的土木城墙和一条深沟保护着。
这座早期的城堡很快就被废弃了。与此同时，利德福德已成为达特穆尔森林的行政中心，这是一个拥有重要和丰厚权利的皇家管辖区。
1194 年，约翰国王授权在教堂东边建造一座新塔，以安置违反森林法和锡矿法的罪犯。锡业在德文郡和康沃尔郡如此重要，以至于制定了一套特殊的法律和税收制度来管理它，而德文郡的锡矿场或锡矿区则由利德福德管理。1239 年，亨利三世将利德福德赐予他的兄弟康沃尔伯爵理查德，作为王室赠予的一部分。
1300 年，理查德伯爵的儿子埃德蒙去世后，该庄园归还给王室，自 1337 年以来，达特穆尔和利德福德城堡成为康沃尔公国的一部分。
利德福德城堡也曾被用作监狱。违反锡矿法的罪犯在整个中世纪都被关押在城堡中，这种情况一直持续到 18 世纪。
到 1650 年，利德福德城堡“非常破败”，地板倒塌，只有屋顶完好无损。 1716 年和 1733 年对这座城堡进行了修缮，但到了 19 世纪初，这座城堡几乎成了废墟，直到它被英国遗产委员会接管。
利德福德城堡或约翰国王城堡或监狱由一座两层高、约 50 平方英尺的塔楼组成。它的墙壁厚 10 英尺多，有深深的斜角圆头窗户。
在 13 世纪后期，当这座城堡作为锡矿监狱的重要性日益凸显时，这座塔楼被彻底重建。上层被拆除，底层被用作一座更高建筑的地基。墙壁周围堆满了泥土，因此这座塔楼看起来像是建在土丘上。
塔楼西北方向形成了一个大型土方围墙或城堡外墙。除了一个角落的一个小坑外，原有底层的所有内部都被填满了，因此挡住了原来的窗户。 12 世纪和 13 世纪作品之间的断层显而易见，因为地下室的墙壁比上面的墙壁厚得多。一排排托梁孔指示楼层高度，靠近墙壁顶部的牛腿表明屋顶木材所在的位置。
进入塔楼的入口是面向城堡外墙的大门，从那里经过一段狭窄的台阶，台阶在墙壁厚度之内，通向一个大厅。大厅入口处有一个孔，用于固定门的拉杆；在同一个开口旁边是一个厕所，其座位边缘仍在原位。
楼上可能还有看守或狱吏的公寓，下面是牢房——地下室的坑是留给最令人厌恶的囚犯的。我丈夫和我发现这个地方非常有趣，我们拍了很多城堡和教堂的照片。
到 10 世纪，利德福德有了自己的铸币厂。它的繁荣建立在锡贸易的利润之上——历史记录显示，它向国王缴纳的税款与托特尼斯或巴恩斯特珀尔一样多。它还占据着一个自然力量强大的位置，一个三角形的海角，两边都有深河谷保护。
利德福德的第三面由土制城墙保护，当您从东北进入村庄时，可以在道路两侧的村庄大厅附近看到城墙的遗迹。这些坚固的防御可能是公元 997 年击退维京人进攻的原因。
1068 年，征服者威廉围攻并占领埃克塞特后不久，在利德福德海角的最西南端修建了一座小型防御工事，此后被称为利德福德城堡。对该遗址的挖掘发现了五座木制建筑的遗迹，它们被新月形的土木城墙和一条深沟保护着。
这座早期的城堡很快就被废弃了。与此同时，利德福德已成为达特穆尔森林的行政中心，这是一个拥有重要和丰厚权利的皇家管辖区。
1194 年，约翰国王授权在教堂东边建造一座新塔，以安置违反森林法和锡矿法的罪犯。锡业在德文郡和康沃尔郡如此重要，以至于制定了一套特殊的法律和税收制度来管理它，而德文郡的锡矿场或锡矿区则由利德福德管理。1239 年，亨利三世将利德福德赐予他的兄弟康沃尔伯爵理查德，作为王室赠予的一部分。
1300 年，理查德伯爵的儿子埃德蒙去世后，该庄园归还给王室，自 1337 年以来，达特穆尔和利德福德城堡成为康沃尔公国的一部分。
利德福德城堡也曾被用作监狱。违反锡矿法的罪犯在整个中世纪都被关押在城堡中，这种情况一直持续到 18 世纪。
到 1650 年，利德福德城堡“非常破败”，地板倒塌，只有屋顶完好无损。 1716 年和 1733 年对这座城堡进行了修缮，但到了 19 世纪初，这座城堡几乎成了废墟，直到它被英国遗产委员会接管。
利德福德城堡或约翰国王城堡或监狱由一座两层高、约 50 平方英尺的塔楼组成。它的墙壁厚 10 英尺多，有深深的斜角圆头窗户。
在 13 世纪后期，当这座城堡作为锡矿监狱的重要性日益凸显时，这座塔楼被彻底重建。上层被拆除，底层被用作一座更高建筑的地基。墙壁周围堆满了泥土，因此这座塔楼看起来像是建在土丘上。
塔楼西北方向形成了一个大型土方围墙或城堡外墙。除了一个角落的一个小坑外，原有底层的所有内部都被填满了，因此挡住了原来的窗户。 12 世纪和 13 世纪作品之间的断层显而易见，因为地下室的墙壁比上面的墙壁厚得多。一排排托梁孔指示楼层高度，靠近墙壁顶部的牛腿表明屋顶木材所在的位置。
进入塔楼的入口是面向城堡外墙的大门，从那里经过一段狭窄的台阶，台阶在墙壁厚度之内，通向一个大厅。大厅入口处有一个孔，用于固定门的拉杆；在同一个开口旁边是一个厕所，其座位边缘仍在原位。
楼上可能还有看守或狱吏的公寓，下面是牢房——地下室的坑是留给最令人厌恶的囚犯的。我丈夫和我发现这个地方非常有趣，我们拍了很多城堡和教堂的照片。
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